1) Reported Speech

— Reported speech is used to tell someone else what a person said.
— We often use said that or told.
— Tense changes are common: am/is → was, are → were, will → would.
— Pronouns and time expressions may also change.

Direct speech: She said, "I am tired."
Reported speech: She said that she was tired.

Direct speech: He said, "We will call you tomorrow."
Reported speech: He said that they would call me the next day.

2) Passive Voice

— The passive voice focuses on the action or the result, not on who does it.
— Present Passive: am / is / are + past participle
— Past Passive: was / were + past participle

The classroom is cleaned every day.
The letter was sent yesterday.

Active: The teacher explains the lesson.
Passive: The lesson is explained by the teacher.

3) Relative Clauses

— who for people
— which for things
— that for people or things
— where for places

The man who lives next door is a doctor.
The book which I bought is interesting.
This is the school where I studied.

4) Quick Strategy

— Read the whole sentence first.
— Identify the tense and the clue words.
— Choose the correct structure.
— Check your answer before finishing.